Charge measurement

ABSTRACT

An apparatus comprises a comparator that includes a first input, a second input and an output. The comparator is configured for measuring a difference in voltage between a source coupled to the first input and another source coupled to the second input, and providing information associated with the measured difference at the output. The apparatus also comprises a controllable current source coupled to the first input of the comparator and configured for supplying or drawing current. The apparatus also comprises a digital logic circuit that is configured for controlling an amount of current supplied or drawn by the controllable current source. The apparatus is configured for measuring a charge associated with an external source that is coupled to the first input of the comparator.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/272,648 filed on May 8, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/667,171, filed on Nov. 2, 2012, now U.S. Pat.No. 8,723,586, issued on May 13, 2014, the entire contents of which arehereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to charge measurement using anintegrator.

BACKGROUND

An integrator is a device that generally outputs a signal proportionalto the time integral of the input. The input and output of theintegrator may be either a voltage or a current signal.

SUMMARY

In one general aspect, an apparatus comprises a comparator that includesa first input, a second input and an output. The comparator isconfigured for measuring a difference in voltage between a sourcecoupled to the first input and another source coupled to the secondinput, and providing information associated with the measured differenceat the output of the comparator. The apparatus also comprises acontrollable current source that includes an output coupled to the firstinput of the comparator and configured for supplying or drawing current.

In addition, the apparatus comprises a digital logic circuit thatincludes an input coupled to the output of the comparator and an outputcoupled to an input of the controllable current source. The digitallogic circuit is configured for controlling an amount of currentsupplied or drawn by the controllable current source. The apparatus isconfigured for regulating a voltage associated with an external sourcethat is coupled to the first input of the comparator and keeps track ofthe charge used to regulate the voltage. In some implementations,voltage regulation is performed by starting at a reference voltage,introducing a charge, and then regulating back to the reference voltage.In this manner, the charge that is added can be measured.

Particular implementations of the apparatus may include one or more ofthe following features. The digital logic circuit may be configured touse successive approximation to control the amount of current suppliedor drawn by the controllable current source such that a voltage at thefirst input of the comparator due to the charge associated with anexternal source approaches the reference voltage. By supplying ordrawing the current, an amount of charge proportional to the amount ofcurrent supplied or drawn, and the time for which the current issupplied or drawn, may be added or removed, respectively.

The apparatus may be configured for providing a digital outputproportional to the measured charge associated with the external source.The digital output may be provided without using an analog to digitalconverter (ADC) by the apparatus.

The apparatus may be configured for integrating a current associatedwith the external source. The apparatus may be configured for measuringa voltage associated with the external source. The apparatus may beconfigured for measuring a capacitance associated with the externalsource.

The controllable current source may include a digital to analogconverter circuit (DAC) that is configured for providing a current atthe output of the controllable current source. The digital logic circuitmay be configured for regulating a voltage associated with the externalsource at the first input of the comparator by controlling thecontrollable current source such that an amount of the current providedby the controllable current source is controlled.

The digital logic circuit may comprise a digital filter that includes aninput coupled to the output of the comparator. The digital filter may beconfigured for producing at an output of the digital filter a filteredversion of the information at the output of the comparator.

The digital logic circuit also may comprise a delay circuit thatincludes an input coupled to the output of the digital filter. The delaycircuit may be configured for providing at an output of the delaycircuit a delayed version of the filtered information produced by thedigital filter.

The delay circuit may be configured to delay the filtered informationproduced by the digital filter by a time step of a clock signal providedto the digital logic circuit such that the output of the delay circuitfollows the output of the digital filter delayed by the time step.

The digital logic circuit also may comprise an exclusive- or (XOR)circuit that includes a first input coupled to the output of the digitalfilter and a second input coupled to the output of the delay circuit.The XOR circuit may be configured for providing an UPDATE signal at anoutput of the XOR circuit.

The UPDATE signal may be based on a difference between the output of thedigital filter and the output of the delay circuit. The UPDATE signalmay indicate when a voltage at the first input of the comparator that isproduced due to the external source and the current supplied or drawn bythe controllable current source crosses the reference voltage.

The digital logic circuit also may comprise a control setting circuitthat includes a first input coupled to the output of the XOR circuit forreceiving the UPDATE signal, a second input for receiving a RESET signaland a third input coupled to the output of the digital filter. Inaddition, the control setting circuit may include an output coupled tothe input of the controllable current source. The control settingcircuit may be configured for controlling an active currentconfiguration of the controllable current source.

The control setting circuit may be configured for providing controlinformation for controlling the active current configuration of thecontrollable current source based on the UPDATE signal and the filteredinformation produced by the digital filter. The control information maybe configured to drive the controllable current source to source currentor sink current based on a sign of the filtered information produced bythe digital filter.

The digital logic circuit also may comprise a digital accumulator thatincludes a first input coupled to the output of the control settingcircuit for measuring an amount of current supplied or drawn by thecontrollable current source, a second input for receiving the RESETsignal and an output for providing a RESULT signal that is proportionalto the charge associated with the external source.

The digital accumulator may be configured for accumulating a valueproportional to the amount of charge supplied to or drawn from theexternal source based on current supplied or drawn by the controllablecurrent source and a time for which the current is supplied or drawn, anamount of the current being based on successive control informationprovided at the output of the control setting circuit for controllingthe active current configuration of the controllable current sourceduring a measurement cycle.

The digital logic circuit also may comprise a compensation circuit thatincludes an input coupled to the output of the control setting circuitand an output coupled to the input of the digital accumulator. Thecompensation circuit may be configured for coupling the control settingcircuit and the digital accumulator, and compensating the amount ofcurrent supplied or drawn by the controllable current source based on adigital lookup table. The compensated amount of current may be providedto the digital accumulator at the output of the compensation circuit.

A dynamic range or resolution of the apparatus may be controlled bydigitally controlling the time step of the clock signal. The resolutionof the apparatus is based on the minimum possible charge that can besinked or sourced. Since charge is a function of current and time,resolution is a function of the minimum current and minimum time step ofthe clock signal (that is, the maximum clock frequency). The dynamicrange is based on the integration time and may be increased byincreasing the integration time. In this context, the integration timeis the time for which the current is supplied or drawn by the by thecontrollable current source.

The RESET signal may be configured for resetting the control settingcircuit to a base setting when a new measurement is to be made. The basesetting of the control setting circuit may be configured to control thecontrollable current source such that a maximum amount of current issupplied or drawn by the controllable current source.

The apparatus also may comprise a controllable voltage source coupled tothe second input of the comparator and configured for providing areference voltage. Alternatively, the apparatus may comprise a staticvoltage source.

In another general aspect, an external source is coupled to a firstinput of a comparator included in an integrator circuit for measuring avoltage proportional to a first amount of charge associated with theexternal source. A supplementary charge is added to the external sourceusing a controllable current source included in the integrator circuitthat is coupled to the external source. The supplementary charge is dueto a current provided by the controllable current source. A differencebetween a voltage at the first input of the comparator due to theexternal source and a reference voltage coupled to the second input ofthe comparator is measured using the comparator. An amount of thecurrent provided by the controllable current source is adjusted based onmeasuring the difference. The amount of current is adjusted insuccessive steps of a clock signal such that the voltage at the firstinput of the comparator approaches the reference voltage. It isdetermined whether the voltage at the first input of the comparator hascrossed the reference voltage based on a sign of the measured differenceat an output of the comparator. Responsive to determining that thevoltage at the first input of the comparator has crossed the referencevoltage, the amount of current provided by the controllable currentsource is adjusted by reversing a direction of the current. Adjustingthe amount of current also includes adjusting the strength of thecurrent.

A value proportional to an amount of charge is accumulated using adigital accumulator included in the integrator circuit. The amount ofcharge is proportional to the current provided by the controllablecurrent source and an amount of time for which current is provided bythe controllable current source. It is determined whether a minimumsetting for the current provided by the controllable current source isreached. Based on determining that the minimum setting for the currentprovided by the controllable current source is reached, the accumulatedvalue proportional to the amount of charge is provided at the output ofthe digital accumulator as an indication of the first amount of chargeassociated with the external source.

Particular implementations may include one or more of the followingfeatures. Adjusting the amount of the current provided by thecontrollable current source may comprise providing a control signal tothe controllable current source using a control setting circuit includedin the integrator circuit. The control signal may be configured forcontrolling the controllable current source such that the amount ofcurrent provided by the controllable current source is adjusted. Thecontrol setting circuit may generate the control signal based on anindication of the measured difference at the output of the comparatorand the sign of the measured difference at the output of the comparator.

The control setting circuit may be configured to use successiveapproximation to adjust the amount of current provided by thecontrollable current source such that the voltage at the first input ofthe comparator due to the external source may approach the referencevoltage. A dynamic range or resolution of the measurement associatedwith the amount of current provided by the controllable current sourcemay be controlled by digitally controlling the time step of the clocksignal.

The details of one or more disclosed implementations are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, thedrawings and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a conceptual block diagram of an exemplary circuit that may beused for successive approximation integration.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual block diagram of an exemplary circuit that may beused for implementing successive approximation integration.

FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating an exemplary measurement sequence using asuccessive approximation integrator.

FIGS. 4A-4C are conceptual block diagrams of exemplary measurementcircuits in which a successive approximation integrator may be applied.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process for chargemeasurement using a successive approximation integrator.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Typically, a traditional current integrator may consist of anoperational amplifier (commonly known in abbreviated form as “op-amp”)configured with a capacitive negative feedback. The two inputs of theop-amp may be considered as the two inputs of the integrator. Thecapacitance in the negative feedback may accumulate a charge that isproportional to the current that is sinked or sourced from the input ofthe integrator. In this context, “sinking” a current refers to drawing acurrent from the input of the integrator, while “sourcing” a currentrefers to providing a current to the input of the integrator.

When current is supplied to a capacitor, the capacitor stores theassociated energy as charge. The amount of charge is proportional to thecurrent supplied, and the time period for which the current is supplied.Similarly, the charge stored in a capacitor may be reduced by drawing acurrent from the capacitor. The relationship between the currentsupplied to or drawn from a capacitor, the charge associated with thecapacitor, and the time period for which the current flows, is given byequation (1):Q=I*t  (1)In equation (1), Q is the total amount of charge that is added to orremoved from a capacitor, I is the current that is supplied to or fromthe capacitor and t is the amount of time for which the current issupplied to or from the capacitor.

Referring back to the current integrator described previously, thecharge accumulated by the capacitance in the negative feedback maycreate a voltage at the output of the integrator that is proportional tothe charge accumulated and the size of the capacitance, which isillustrated by equation (2):V _(INT)=(1/C _(INT))*I*t  (2)In equation (2), V_(INT) is the voltage created at the output of theintegrator, C_(INT) is the capacitance across the op-amp connected inthe negative feedback, I is the current provided to the integrator and tis the time for which the current is provided.

Integrators have several applications. Integrators may be used tointegrate current or voltage. In addition, integrators may be used tomeasure capacitive sensors. For example, capacitive touch screendisplays may be implemented using integrators configured for measuringcapacitance.

As an example of another application, the capacitance of a circuit thatis connected to an input of an integrator, which is referred to asself-capacitance, may be measured using the integrator. Self-capacitanceof an input of the integrator may be measured by measuring the chargethat is used to move the input voltage by a known amount dV (that is,change in voltage). This can be accomplished by changing the referencevoltage REF at the second input of the integrator between knownvoltages, which causes the integrator to “regulate” the other inputbetween the same voltages while also keeping track of the chargesrequired to do so.

An integrator also may be used for measuring mutual capacitance.Generally, the goal of mutual capacitance measuring is it to measurecoupling capacitance (referred to as C_(m)) between two wires. This maybe measured by connecting one wire to the first input of the integratorand the other wire (typically referred to as X line) to a controllablevoltage source. After the integrator is stable, the X line is pulsed,and a charge proportional to C_(m) and the change in X line voltage istransferred to C_(INT). The change in the voltage at the first input ofthe integrator due to charge being added is momentary and therefore doesnot affect the calculation.

In some implementations involving digital applications, the analogoutput from the integrator may need to be converted in to a digitalresult using, for example, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that iscoupled to the integrator forming one unit. The accuracy and resolutionof the digital result may depend on the accuracy and resolution of theADC. In such implementations, the ADC may be a primary factor indetermining the cost associated with the integration.

It may be useful to implement an integrator that performs efficient andaccurate digital measurement of charge adjustments required to make thevoltage of a circuit connected to the first input of the integrator sameas the REF voltage that is connected to the second input of theintegrator. Controlling the measurement digitally allows compensationand digital filtering to be used to lower the analog requirements,thereby reducing the cost. In addition, digital measurement removes theneed for a dedicated ADC, which may lead to significant cost reductionand performance improvement.

In some implementations, such an integrator may be realized by digitalcircuits that use successive approximation integration for measuring avoltage at one input of the integrator, compared to a REF voltage at theother input of the integrator. Such an integrator may be known as asuccessive approximation integrator, also referred to by the acronymSAINT.

FIG. 1 is a conceptual block diagram of an exemplary circuit 100 thatmay be used for successive approximation integration. The circuit 100includes a successive approximation integrator (SAINT) 110. Connected toan input of the SAINT 110 is a capacitive sensor 140, while acontrollable voltage source 114 is connected to another input of theSAINT 110. The SAINT 110 includes a comparator 112, a controllablecurrent source 116 and a digital logic circuit 120 that is configuredfor controlling the successive approximation mechanism.

The comparator 112, which has a positive input and a negative input, isconfigured for providing an output based on comparing two voltages thatare connected to the two inputs. The output of the comparator may be abinary output. For example, the output of the comparator may be one oftwo predetermined voltage levels. One voltage level may indicate a ‘1’while the other voltage level may indicate a ‘0’. In one implementation,the comparator may output a ‘1’ if the voltage at the positive input ishigher than the voltage at the negative input, and may output a ‘0’otherwise. However, in other implementations, the output of thecomparator may be the reverse of the above.

In some implementations, the controllable voltage source 114 may beincluded in the SAINT 110, while in other implementations thecontrollable voltage source 114 may be external to the SAINT 110. Thecontrollable voltage source 114 is connected to an input of thecomparator 112. The controllable voltage source 114 is configured forproviding a reference voltage REF at the input of the comparator towhich the voltage source is connected. In some implementations, thecontrollable voltage source 114 is connected to the negative input ofthe comparator 112. However, in other implementations, the controllablevoltage source 114 may be connected to the positive input of thecomparator 112.

In some implementations, instead of a controllable voltage source 114, astatic reference voltage may be connected to an input of the comparator112. In such implementations, the external circuit or sensor that isconnected to the other input of the comparator 112 may be charged ordischarged to a fixed voltage prior to integrating the input.

The controllable current source 116 may be a digital-to-analog converterwith a current output (also known as IDAC). The controllable currentsource or IDAC 116 has an input that is connected to an output of thedigital logic circuit 120, while an output of the IDAC 116 is coupled tothe SENSOR_LINE at the input of the comparator 112 to which theSENSOR_LINE is connected, for example, the positive input of thecomparator 112.

The IDAC 116 is configured for sinking or sourcing a current to/from thecapacitive sensor 140. When the the voltage at the positive input of thecomparator 112 due to the capacitive sensor 140 and the charge added orstored in the sensor 140, is higher than the reference voltage REF atthe negative input of the comparator 112 due to the controllable voltagesource 114, the IDAC 116 sinks or draws current away from the capacitivesensor 140. This has the effect of reducing the voltage at the positiveinput of the comparator 112 due to the capacitive sensor 140, such thatthe voltage at the positive input of the comparator 112 approaches theREF voltage. Conversely, when the the voltage at the positive input ofthe comparator 112 due to the capacitive sensor 140 and the charge addedor stored in the sensor 140, is lower than the REF voltage, the IDAC 116sources or provides current to the capacitive sensor 140, which has theeffect of increasing the voltage at the positive input of the comparator112, such that the voltage at the positive input of the comparator 112approaches the REF voltage.

The digital logic circuit 120 is configured for controlling the currentoutput of the IDAC 116 such that the voltage at the positive input ofthe comparator 112 is regulated. The voltage at the positive input ofthe comparator 112 (which is same as the voltage on the SENSOR LINE thatconnects the capacitive sensor 140 to the positive input of thecomparator 112) is regulated to the voltage on the negative input of thecomparator 112. This voltage is based on the voltage due to thecapacitive sensor 140, parasitic capacitance on the SENSOR LINE, andcharges present on the capacitor plates and the electrical wires.

In one implementation, the digital logic circuit 120 regulates thevoltage on the SENSOR LINE such that the voltage at the positive inputof the comparator 112 is same as the REF voltage. The digital logiccircuit 120 performs this voltage regulation by sinking or sourcingprogressively smaller amounts of current to the capacitive sensor 140using the IDAC 116.

The digital logic circuit 120 may compute the total amount of chargethat is added to, or removed from, the capacitive sensor 140 due to thecurrent from the IDAC 116 that is supplied for regulating the voltage onthe SENSOR LINE. The total amount of charge may be computed bydetermining the amount of time for which a known amount of current issupplied to or from the capacitive sensor 140, using equation (1).

The capacitive sensor 140 represents an external circuit that provides acapacitive load or coupling to ground (or some other common reference)at one input of the integrator to which it is connected. The capacitivesensor is also referred to interchangeably as a sensor or a capacitor.

Therefore, as described in the preceding section, the circuit 100performs voltage regulation by sinking or sourcing progressively smalleramounts of current in successive iterations such that the SENSOR LINEvoltage approximates the REF voltage. By performing voltage regulationin this manner, the circuit 100 may be used for measuring an amount ofcharge associated with the voltage regulation. The circuit 100 is hencereferred to as a successive approximation integrator or SAINT. Theimplementation of a successive approximation integrator is described ingreater detail in the following sections.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual block diagram of an exemplary circuit 200 thatmay be used for implementing successive approximation integration. Forexample, the circuit 200 may be used for the successive approximationintegration described with reference to circuit 100.

The circuit 200 includes a successive approximation integrator (SAINT)210 and an external capacitor 240 that is connected to an input of theSAINT 210. Connected to another input of the SAINT 210 is a controllablevoltage source 214. The SAINT 210 includes a comparator 212, acontrollable current source 216 and a digital logic circuit 220.

The external capacitor 240 represents an external circuit that is beingmeasured using the SAINT 210. The external capacitor 240 is similar tothe capacitive sensor 140. The external capacitor 240 with a storedcharge provides a voltage at the input of the SAINT 210 to which theexternal capacitor is connected. The external capacitor 240 is alsoreferred to interchangeably as a capacitive sensor 240, or as sensor240.

The digital logic circuit 220 may be an exemplary implementation of thedigital logic circuit 120. The digital logic circuit 220 includes afilter 222, which is connected to a delay circuit 224 and an XOR logiccircuit 226. In addition, the digital logic circuit 220 includes acontrol setting circuit 228, a compensation circuit 230 and anaccumulator circuit 232.

The comparator 212 is similar to the comparator 112. The comparator 212has a positive input and a negative input and it is configured forproviding an output based on comparing two voltages that are connectedto the two inputs. The external capacitor 214 is connected to the SAINT210 at the positive input of the comparator 212. The controllablevoltage source 214 is connected to the negative input of the comparator212.

The controllable voltage source 214, which is similar to thecontrollable voltage source 114, is configured for providing a referencevoltage REF. While FIG. 2 shows the controllable voltage source 214connected to the negative input of the comparator 212, in someimplementations, the controllable voltage source 214 may be connected tothe positive input of the comparator 212.

The controllable current source 216, which may be similar to thecontrollable current source 116, includes an IDAC. The controllablecurrent source or IDAC 216 has an input that is connected to the digitallogic circuit 220, while the output of the IDAC 216 is coupled to theexternal capacitor 240 at the positive input of the comparator 212. TheIDAC 216 is configured for sinking or sourcing a current from thecapacitor 240 so that the SENSOR LINE voltage at the positive input ofthe comparator 212 due to the capacitor 240 is same as the referencevoltage REF at the negative input of the comparator 212.

The filter 222 in the digital logic circuit 220 is connected to theoutput of the comparator 212. The filter 222 is a digital filter that isconfigured for providing at its output a filtered version of thecomparator 212 output. In some implementations, the filter 222 may be atime hysteresis based filter. However, in other implementations, thefilter 222 may be some other type of digital filter.

The delay circuit 224 is coupled to the output of the filter 222. Thedelay circuit 224 is configured for providing, at its output, atime-delayed version of its input. The amount of delay may bepre-configured at the time of implementation of the digital logiccircuit 220. Therefore, the delay circuit 224 provides at its output adelayed version of the digital signal provided by the filter 222.

The XOR logic circuit 226 has two inputs—one input is coupled to theoutput of the filter 222, while the second input is coupled to theoutput of the delay circuit 224. The XOR logic circuit 226 is configuredto compare the digital signal provided by the filter 222 with thedelayed version of the digital signal provided by the delay circuit 224.

When the SENSOR LINE voltage crosses the REF voltage, that is, eitherexceeds or goes below the REF voltage, due to the addition or removal ofcurrent by the IDAC 216, the comparator 212 output changes and hence thedigital signal provided by the filter 222 changes. Therefore, the signalprovided to the second input of the XOR logic circuit 226 by the delaycircuit 224 becomes different from the digital signal provided by thefilter 222 at the first input of the XOR logic circuit. Consequently,the XOR logic circuit 226 generates a pulse at its output, since the twoinput signals differ from one another. The pulse at the output of theXOR logic circuit 226, which is denoted by the UPDATE signal in FIG. 2,indicates that the amount of charge that has been added to or removedfrom the external capacitor 240 by the IDAC 216 current is more than theamount needed to make the SENSOR LINE voltage same as the REF voltage.

The control setting circuit 228 receives the UPDATE signal through aninput that is coupled to the output of the XOR circuit 226. In addition,the control setting circuit 228 has an input connected to the output ofthe digital filter 222 for receiving the SIGN signal from the digitalfilter 222. The control setting circuit 228 also receives a RESET signalbased on a START signal that is input to the integrator 210.

The control setting circuit 228 is configured for controlling the activecurrent configuration of the IDAC 216. Upon receiving the UPDATE signal,control setting circuit 228 controls the IDAC 216 such that the amountof current provided to, or removed from, the capacitor 240 is reduced bya pre-determined factor. In addition, the sign of the current ischanged, that is, the direction of the current is reversed. Therefore,if the IDAC 216 was previously providing current to the capacitor 240,the control signal from the control setting circuit 228 configures theIDAC 216 such that the IDAC 216 now draws current from the capacitor240, and vice versa. By reducing the amount of current provided to thecapacitor 240 and changing the direction of the current, the integrator210 is able to find successively more accurate results such that theSENSOR LINE voltage approaches the REF voltage with greater accuracy.

The compensation circuit 230 is coupled to the output of the controlsetting circuit 228. The compensation circuit 230 reads the controlsignal from the control setting circuit 228 to the IDAC 216 such thatthe compensation circuit 230 is able to determine the settings for theIDAC 216, that is, amount of current that is to be supplied to or fromthe capacitor 240 by the IDAC 216. In addition, the compensation circuit230 determines the time period for which the current is to be suppliedto or from the capacitor 240. Based on determining the current and thetime period, the compensation circuit 230 may compute the amount ofcharge that is sinked or sourced from the capacitor 240 due to thecontrol signal from the control setting circuit 228.

In some implementations, upon determining the IDAC 216 setting, thecompensation circuit 230 may perform compensation on the IDAC settingsusing a digital lookup table. The compensation circuit 230 providesinformation on the amount of charge sinked or sourced from the capacitor240, either compensated or otherwise, to the accumulator circuit 232.

The accumulator circuit 232 is configured for providing at its output aresult signal, denoted by RESULT in FIG. 2, which indicates a digitalvalue proportional to the amount of charge sinked or sourced from theexternal capacitor 240 such that the SENSOR LINE voltage is same as theREF voltage. During the measurement process, the accumulator circuit 232stores the amount of charge internally based on the information receivedfrom the compensation circuit 230 in successive iterations of themeasurement sequence.

In some implementations, the compensation circuit 230 may not bepresent. In such implementations, the accumulator circuit 232 isdirectly coupled to the output of the control setting circuit 228 andreads the control signal sent from the control setting circuit 228 tothe IDAC 216 in each iteration. From the control signal, the accumulatorcircuit 232 is able to determine the amount of charge that is sinked orsourced from the capacitor 240 in the respective iteration, in a mannersimilar to that described previously with reference to the compensationcircuit 230.

Using the digital circuit 220 as described in the preceding section, theintegrator 210 measures a delta charge, that is, a change in the chargeat the external capacitor 240 that is added by some external event. Thedelta charge introduces a change in voltage at the SENSOR LINE, asdescribed by the relation dV=dQ/C, where dV is the change in inputvoltage caused by the change in charge dQ and C is the capacitance ofthe input line (which is assumed to be constant). Therefore, to regulatethe SENSOR LINE voltage back to the voltage it had (that is, the REFvoltage) before the unknown charge was introduced, the integrator 210removes the same amount of charge as was introduced by the externalevent. While regulating the voltage back to the REF voltage, theintegrator digitally keeps track of the charges used to do so. Theintegrator 210 regulates the SENSOR LINE voltage to the REF voltage bysuccessively adding or removing, or both, exponentially smaller andsmaller charges using the IDAC 216 current, until the SENSOR LINEvoltage is equal to the REF voltage. As indicated by equation (1),charge may be added or removed by controlling the amount of current andthe time for which the current is added or removed.

The accumulator circuit 232 receives, from the compensation circuit 230,a digital value proportional to the charge added or removed from thecapacitor 240 in each iteration of the measurement sequence, oralternatively, determines the charge added or removed by reading thecontrol signal from the control setting circuit 228, and updates thecharge stored based on the charge added or removed in the presentiteration of the measurement sequence. When the SENSOR LINE voltage issame as the REF voltage, the value of the RESULT signal at the output ofthe accumulator circuit 232 is proportional to the charge that is usedto make the voltage on the positive input (SENSOR_LINE) same as thevoltage on negative input.

The RESULT signal is most accurate when the minimum setting of the IDAC216 and the minimum time step, which is described in the followingsections, are reached and a new update is signaled (for example, by achange in the sign of the comparator 212 output). For further iterationsof the measurement sequence after this point, the integrator 210continues to oscillate between plus and minus the minimum setting of theIDAC 216, until a new measurement is triggered. At this stage, thecharge measurement may be considered completed.

When a new charge measurement is to be conducted, the START signal maybe used to trigger a reset of the control setting circuit 228 and theaccumulator circuit 232. The START signal provides a RESET trigger tothe control setting circuit 228, which resets the control settingcircuit 228 to plus or minus the maximum setting for the IDAC 216,depending on the sign of the active output from the filter circuit 222.The sign of the active output of the filter circuit 222 is input to thecontrol setting circuit 228 as denoted by the SIGN signal. In addition,the START signal provides a RESET trigger to the accumulator circuit232, which clears the value that was previously accumulated in theaccumulator circuit 232 from the previous measurement. In someimplementations, there is a finite time interval between successivemeasurements such that a charge transfer from a previous measurement iscompleted so that the SIGN signal is settled correctly.

FIG. 3 is a graph 300 illustrating an exemplary measurement sequenceusing a successive approximation integrator. The measurement plotted ingraph 300 may be implemented using the circuit 200, as described in thefollowing section. However, the measurement plotted in graph 300 may beimplemented by other circuits or system configurations.

The X-axis 301 of graph 300 plots time while the Y-axis 302 plotsvoltage. The curve 303 corresponds to the SENSOR_LINE voltage. The curve304 corresponds to the REF voltage. 306 indicates a sample clockprovided to the integrator 210, with a time step 308. Different timeintervals are indicated by 309, 310, 312, 314 and 316. Each of the timeintervals 312, 314 and 316 correspond to a different iteration of themeasurement process.

The measurement sequence plotted in graph 300 is based on idealcomponents and no noise. Noise and static errors, for example comparatoroffset and propagation delay, may affect absolute values and measurementtime. Typically, only relative measurements are needed, but absolutemeasurements may be supported by calibration. Noise and propagationdelay may cause the iterations to be longer or shorter than ideal suchthat the convergence time may be different. However, the total number ofiterations for charge added or removed typically will not be affected bysuch factors.

Initially, before the charge measurement is commenced, the SENSOR LINEvoltage may be equal to the REF voltage. This is indicated in the graph300 during the initial time interval 309, when the curve 303approximately overlaps the curve 304 at a voltage value of v1,indicating that the SENSOR LINE voltage is almost equal to the REFvoltage, which is given by v1 in the graph 300.

Before the measurement is started, a charge is added to the capacitor240, which may increase the SENSOR LINE voltage by a fixed amount. Thisis indicated in the graph 300 during the time interval 310, when thecurve 303 moves from voltage level v1 to voltage level v2 that is higherthan v1. The difference in voltage between v1 and v2 depends on theamount of charge added and the value of the capacitance, includingparasitic capacitance, connected to the SENSOR LINE. Charge may be addedto the capacitor 240 by some current source that is external to theSAINT 210, or due to a change in voltage on a node connected toSENSOR_LINE through a second capacitor (mutual measurement). In someimplementations, the SENSOR LINE voltage may not increase when a chargeis added to the capacitor 240.

After the charge addition during time interval 310, the measurement isperformed using the integrator. The measurement is started by performinga linear search towards the REF voltage, starting from the maximumsetting of the IDAC 216. During the first iteration, due to the maximumamount of current sinked or sourced from the capacitor 240, the SENSORLINE voltage may cross the REF voltage. The first iteration is indicatedin the graph 300 by time interval 312, when the curve 303 moves fromvoltage level v2 to voltage level v3 that is lower than v1.

When the SENSOR LINE voltage and REF voltage cross, the result for thecurrent iteration is ready. The result may correspond to the valueaccumulated in the accumulator circuit 232, and may be provided as theRESULT signal at the output of the integrator 210. The result mayinclude an error that has a value proportional to the product of thecurrent IDAC 216 setting and time step 308.

In some implementations, in order to improve the accuracy of the result,the measurement sequence may be continued. In the next iteration, thecontrol setting circuit 228 may update the IDAC 216 setting. In theupdated IDAC 216 setting, the amount of current to or from the capacitor240 is reduced, and the direction of the current is reversed.Alternatively, or in addition to the amount and direction of current,the time interval for which the current is provided to the capacitor 240may be reduced. When the SENSOR LINE voltage crosses REF voltage again,the accuracy of the result is proportional to the new setting of theIDAC 216 and the time step. This is indicated in the graph 300 duringthe iteration corresponding to time interval 314, when the curve 303moves from voltage level v3 to a voltage level that is slightly higherthan REF voltage level v1.

The measurement sequence may be continued for further iterations untilthe minimum IDAC 216 setting and minimum time step are reached. This mayallow the integrator to improve the accuracy of the result in successiveiterations. When the minimum setting of the IDAC 216 and time step isreached, the SENSOR LINE voltage and the REF voltage are approximatelythe same. This is indicated in the graph 300 for the iterationcorresponding to time interval 316, when the curve 303 approaches theREF voltage level v1. This was the initial state during interval 309before charge was added to the capacitor 240. By starting and ending atapproximately the same SENSOR LINE voltage, all charges initiallyintroduced travels through SAINT. This makes the result invariant to thesize of capacitance on the SENSOR LINE, and only to the charge added orremoved.

In some implementations, full accuracy may not be important, or theperformance of the integrator (that is, the speed of measurement) may bemore important than full accuracy. In such implementations, themeasurement sequence may terminate before either the minimum IDAC 216setting, or the minimum time step, or both, are reached.

A high accuracy in the measurement may be accomplished by successivelyswitching the IDAC 216 setting to new current values that areapproximately smaller by a factor of N (where N is a positive integer)than the value of the amount of current supplied to or removed from thecapacitor 240 in a previous iteration. By adding or removingexponentially smaller and smaller charges, the voltage (on the positiveinput) may converge to a value close to the REF voltage in logarithmictime, which is described by equation (3):MAX=N*log_(N)(codes)*time_stepMIN=1*log_(N)(codes)*time_stepTYP=(MAX+MIN)/2  (3)In equation (3), MAX, MIN and TYP are time values that are computedusing time_step as time unit. Code corresponds to the resolution of theRESULT signal, which is determined by the number of bits that are usedfor the RESULT signal.

For example, in a noiseless environment using ideal components, for a 10bit result (2¹⁰=1024 codes) using a successive approximation factor ofN={2,10,1024} requires {log₂(1024)=10, log₁₀(1024)=3 andlog₁₀₂₄(1024)=1} iterations and a maximum of {2,10 and 1024} steps periteration respectively, before the SENSOR LINE voltage crosses the REFvoltage. The minimum number of steps per iteration is 1.

TABLE 1 N = 2 N = 10 N = 1024 MAX 20.0 30.0 1024.0 MIN 10.0 3.0 1.0 TYP15.0 16.5 512.5

Table 1 provides an example of convergence time for the result of ameasurement sequence, in time_step units (time_step=1). In table 1, MAX,MIN and TYP indicate maximum, minimum and typical number of total timesteps.

Table 1 indicates that with 3 different settings for the amount ofcurrent provided by the IDAC 216 (N=10), the charge may be measured,with 10 bit resolution, in 16.5 time steps on average. In comparison, alinear search may perform a measurement in 515.5 time steps on average.In some implementations, the successive approximation factor N may bedifferent in different iteration phases.

The resolution of the result by the integrator 210 depends on how smallthe value of charge may be that is added or removed from the capacitanceof SENSOR LINE. Since charge is the product of the amount of current andthe time interval for providing the amount of current, the resolutionmay be increased by decreasing the amount of current or thecorresponding time step. In a typical digital synchronous system, timemay usually be controlled with very high accuracy and dynamic range, soincreasing the dynamic range of the measurement by increasing the chargeintegration time may be readily achieved. For example, a 1-bit IDAC 216and a very accurate digital clock can produce an integration result withan accuracy of many bits.

For high-accuracy charge measurement with an IDAC of more than 1 bit,the maximum IDAC setting must be accurate enough compared to the minimumsetting of the IDAC such that errors above 1 least-significant bit (LSB)are not introduced when multiple maximum settings are accumulated. Thismay be achieved with digital compensation, for example, using thecompensation circuit 230.

The measurement sequence described with reference to FIG. 3, and thecorresponding charge accumulation using accumulator circuit 232, may beperformed in a fully digital system. This may allow digital compensationto be applied to improve the integral non-linearity (INL), that is,non-linearity associated with the IDAC 216, for all or some settings ofthe IDAC 216, or to improve accuracy for the maximum setting of the IDACto support the example described in the preceding section.

The INL represents an error associated with a DAC, for example the IDAC216. The INL quantifies the degree of linearity of the DAC. For example,the IDAC 216 may be configured to provide 10 bit resolution. However,due to INL errors, the resolution may be good for 7 bits, that is, 3bits of accuracy may be lost. INL errors may be fixed by making thedesign of the IDAC 216 more robust, but this solution may be expensiveand time consuming. Therefore, it may be preferable to fix INL problemsdigitally, for example by calibrating the DAC. For instance, if the IDACoutput values are known to be 10% high in the middle region, the outputcan be compensated by subtracting 10% on the input. Alternatively, 10%may be subtracted from the digitally accumulated values when the IDAC isin the middle region, for example using the compensation circuit 230.

However, the INL error may not be confined to any particular region. Therelevant error may be very different from code to code. A 10 bit IDACmay have 1024 “regions” or codes, so it may be expensive to calibrateand remember compensation values for each code. By using successiveapproximation, for example as in SAINT 210, the full range of the IDACmay not be utilized, and therefore it may be considerably less expensivefor the SAINT 210 to compensate for INL errors. For example, using asuccessive approximation factor of 10 for a 10 bit IDAC, 3 differentsettings of the available 1024 may be implemented to obtain full 10 bitresolution and accuracy. Calibrating and storing calibration data for 3IDAC settings is relatively inexpensive.

As shown by equation (3), typically the number of settings of the IDAC216 is logarithmic to the number of bits in the result. Therefore, thenumber of settings for compensation may be low, and hence it may becost-effective to implement digital compensation. Compensation may beapplied by accumulating the compensated value, that is, the output ofthe compensation circuit 230, for the given IDAC 216 setting, instead ofaccumulating the IDAC 216 setting directly.

As explained previously, a 10 bit IDAC may provide 7 bit accuracy due toINL errors. In such circumstances, the IDAC may have 7 effective numberof bits (ENOB). Therefore, compensating for INL errors as describedpreviously may increase the ENOB of the IDAC 216. The digitalcompensation for INL errors also may enable design of analog componentswith lower ENOB than the target value and then rely on digitalcorrection to reach the target ENOB. This may be more cost effectivethan analog correction.

The INL may be compensated to an arbitrary ENOB, in which the accuracyis greater than the number of bits natively supported by the IDAC 216.This may be possible because compensation is implemented on thedigitally accumulated value, instead of directly on the IDAC 216setting. This may enable the integrator 210 to reach an accuracy thatallows the maximum setting of the IDAC 216 to be applied more than othersettings to improve the dynamic range without reducing accuracy, thusimproving overall measurement performance.

The compensation values may be found by calibration. In someimplementations, the calibrating system may be as accurate as therequired ENOB. However, in other implementations, the accuracy of thecalibrating system may be different.

In some implementations, the calibrating system may be external to theintegrator 210. In such implementations, the calibration may beperformed during production of the integrator 210.

In other implementations, the calibrating system may be internal to theintegrator 210, and the calibration may be performed at runtime withoutincreasing the cost too much. For example, by reducing the requirementon performance it is possible to design a very low cost and veryaccurate reference IDAC. The reference IDAC can be used to calibrate themain IDAC 216, which may be much faster, but more inaccurate, comparedto the low cost IDAC. This may be accomplished by temporarily connectingthe two IDACs together and configuring the reference IDAC to thecorresponding inverse setting of the main IDAC and then tune thereference IDAC until the average output neither sinks nor sources anycurrent. This value represents the calibrated value of the active mainIDAC setting.

A low cost reference IDAC may be realized with one current source thatis pulse width modulation (PWM)-controlled using digital logic and avery accurate digital clock. Alternatively, the low cost IDAC may berealized based on delta-sigma DACs. In general, an internal calibratingsystem may allow time to be traded for accuracy and cost, which may be agood fit for calibration circuits.

The digital integrator 210 may provide greater noise immunity comparedto analog integrators. Since the charge accumulation is performeddigitally, this enables digital filters to be used directly on the inputsignal that is accumulated. In addition to being cost-effective, thismay provide better signal quality as digital filters can be made moreadvanced and flexible than analog filters.

The input of the comparator 212 to which the SENSOR LINE is connectedmay have a high value of impedance and the SENSOR LINE may be sampled ata fixed clock frequency. This may make the integrator 210 more resistantto spot noise than traditional analog integrators coupled with ADCsystems. For example, a traditional continuous time analog integratormay have low impedance, and may easily saturate if spot noise or currentsurge (due to coupling) is received at any time during integration.Saturating the integrator may lead to an inaccurate measurement. On theother hand, due to the high impedance and sampled nature of theintegrator 210, spot noise may affect the measurement only if the spotnoise appears consistently and at the exact same time as the sampleclock.

FIGS. 4A-4C are conceptual block diagrams of exemplary measurementcircuits 410, 430 and 440 respectively, in which a successiveapproximation integrator may be applied. The measurement circuits 410,430 and 440 may be realized using a SAINT, for example the integrator210 of circuit 200. The following describes the measurement circuits410, 430 and 440 as applications of the integrator 210. However, themeasurement circuits 410, 430 and 440 also may be implemented usingother devices or system configurations.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary circuit 410 that may be used forcurrent integration. The circuit 410 includes an integrator 412 that iscoupled to capacitive sensors 414 and 416 through a switching circuit420. The integrator 412 may be similar to the integrator 210. A currentsource 418 is also coupled to the capacitive sensors 414 and 416 throughthe switching circuit 420. The other plate of each capacitive sensor 414and 416 is grounded. The switching circuit 420 includes switches420A-420B and 422A-422B.

A current may be measured by the circuit 410 by periodically charging acapacitive sensor for a fixed sample time. Then the current source isdisconnected from the sample capacitive sensor and an integrator is usedto measure the charge added to the capacitive sensor by the current. Thecurrent to measure is proportional to (charge measured)/(time measured).

For example, the current source 418 may be used to charge the capacitivesensor 414 for a fixed sample time. When the capacitive sensor 414 isbeing charged, the switch 420A is closed and the switch 420B is open, asshown. Once the charging is completed, the current source 418 isdisconnected by opening the switch 420A. The integrator 412 is connectedby closing the switch 420B and the charge added by the current source418 is measured.

If another capacitive sensor is added to the circuit 410, one capacitivesensor may be charged while the other one is being measured, such thatno information is lost. For example, as shown in FIG. 4A, since switch420A is closed while switch 422A is open, the current source 418 isconnected to the capacitive sensor 414, but disconnected from thecapacitive sensor 416. On the other hand, since switch 420B is open butswitch 422B is closed, the integrator 412 is disconnected fromcapacitive sensor 414 but is connected to capacitive sensor 416.Therefore, while capacitive sensor 414 is being charged by the currentsource 418, the charge added to capacitive sensor 416 may be measured bythe integrator 412. The capacitive sensor being charged and thecapacitive sensor being measured may be reversed by reversing theconfiguration of the switches.

Repeating the above sequence may allow the current to be continuouslymonitored. This may allow the current from current source 418 to bemeasured by digitally accumulating the measured currents using theintegrator 412. The monitored current also may be integrated by notresetting the internal accumulator when switching between the connectedcapacitors.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary circuit 430 that may be used forcapacitance measurement. The circuit 430 includes an integrator 432 thatis coupled to a capacitive sensor 434. The other plate of the capacitivesensor 434 is grounded. The circuit 430 is similar to the circuit 200,the integrator 432 may be similar to the integrator 210, and thecapacitive sensor 434 may be similar to the capacitive sensor 240. Thecoupling between the integrator 432 and the capacitive sensor 434 may besimilar to the SENSOR LINE.

As described previously, the self-capacitance of the capacitive sensor434 may be measured by keeping track of the charge that is used toregulate the voltage on the SENSOR LINE from a first known voltage to adifferent second known voltage. The capacitance is then C=dQ/dV, wheredQ is the change in charge (measured by the integrator) and dV is thedifference between the first known voltage and the second known voltage(where the latter is usually implemented using a VDAC as the REF voltage(214)). In addition to the self-capacitance of capacitive sensor 434,the measurement may include the capacitance due to other factors on theSENSOR LINE, for example parasitic capacitances.

The circuit 430 also may be used for measuring mutual capacitance. Forexample, this may be achieved by starting the integrator 432 every timea new charge is introduced to the self-capacitance of the SENSOR LINE.

FIG. 4C illustrates an exemplary circuit 440 that may be used forvoltage measurement. The circuit 440 includes an integrator 442 that iscoupled to a capacitive sensor 444, whose other plate is grounded. Theintegrator 442 and the capacitive sensor 444 are also coupled to avoltage source 446 through a switch 448. The integrator 442 may besimilar to the integrator 210.

The capacitive sensor 444 may be charged by the voltage source 446 whenthe voltage source 446 is connected to the capacitive sensor 444 byclosing the switch 448. The capacitive sensor 444 may be charged for afixed amount of time and then the voltage source may be disconnectedfrom the capacitive sensor 444 by opening the switch 448.

Once the voltage source 446 is disconnected from the capacitive sensor444, the integrator 442 may be used to measure the charge needed toregulate the voltage on the connection between the integrator 442 andthe capacitive sensor 444 back to a reference voltage. The mechanism forregulating the voltage back to the reference voltage (for example, theREF voltage) may be similar to the mechanism described with reference tocircuit 200.

The measured charge is proportional to the voltage difference and thecapacitance of the capacitive sensor 444. The latter is constant, andtherefore the measured charge will vary proportionally to the sampledvoltage.

Since the voltage measurement described above may be performed digitallyby using a SAINT as the integrator 442, the results are availabledigitally, without needing a dedicated ADC. Therefore, the circuit 440,including a successive approximation integrator 442, may be used as ageneral purpose ADC.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process 500 for chargemeasurement using a successive approximation integrator. The process 500may be performed by a circuit that implements a successive approximationintegrator. For example, the process 500 may be performed for measuringthe charge of the capacitive sensor 240 using the integrator 210 in thecircuit 200. The following describes the process 500 as being performedby components of the circuit 200. However, the process 500 may beperformed by other circuits, systems or system configurations.

In order to perform charge measurement of an external circuit, theexternal circuit is connected to an input of the integrator (502). Forexample, the capacitive sensor 240 is connected to the positive input ofthe comparator 212 included in the SAINT 210.

In some implementations, a reference voltage source is connected to thesecond input of the comparator (504), which is included in theintegrator. However, in other implementations, the reference voltagesource already may be included in the integrator and connected to thecomparator. The dotted line in (504) indicates such implementations. Forexample, in the SAINT 210, the reference voltage source that providesthe REF voltage is connected to the negative input of the comparator212.

Charge is added to the external circuit (506). For example, an externalcurrent source may be used to make an initial charge transfer to thecapacitive sensor 240 before the measurement sequence is started, asillustrated in interval 310 of the graph 300.

The measurement sequence starts after the initial charge transfer. Inthe first iteration of the sequence, a maximum amount of charge is addedto or removed from the capacitive sensor 240 based on the maximumcurrent setting of the IDAC 216. Whether charge is added or removed isdetermined based on the output of the comparator 212. Upon comparing theSENSOR LINE voltage to the REF voltage, the comparator 212 provides anoutput indicating whether the SENSOR LINE voltage is greater or lowerthan the REF voltage.

It is determined whether the minimum current setting is reached (508).For example, during the measurement sequence, charge is added to orremoved from the capacitive sensor 240 in each iteration in successivelysmaller amounts based on successive settings of the IDAC 216 and thetime steps. At each stage, the control setting circuit 228 checkswhether the minimum current setting of the IDAC 216 is reached.

If the minimum current setting of the IDAC 216 is reached, the SENSORLINE voltage approximates as closely as is possible the REF voltage,based on the configuration and limitations of the integrator 210. Anyfurther charge added to or removed from the capacitive sensor 240 willmake the SENSOR LINE voltage oscillate along the REF voltage. At thisstage, the value accumulated by the integrator corresponds to the chargeinitially added to the external circuit. Therefore, the accumulatedvalue is output (510). For example, the integrator 210 outputs the valueaccumulated by the digital accumulator circuit 232 as the RESULT signal,which provides a measure of the charge originally present in thecapacitive sensor 240.

On the other hand, if the control setting circuit 228 determines thatthe minimum current setting of the IDAC 216 is not reached, then furthercharge adjustments for the external circuit are possible in order tomake the voltage due to the external circuit approach the referencevoltage. Therefore, the charge to the external circuit from thecontrollable current source is adjusted (512). For example, at the nextiteration of the measurement sequence, the control setting circuit 228controls the IDAC 216 to supply current to or from the capacitive sensor240. The amount of the current depends on the largest unused setting ofthe IDAC 216 and the time interval for which the current is supplied,while a determination whether current is to be added or drawn from thecapacitive sensor 240 is made based on the SIGN signal.

The IDAC setting is accumulated using a digital accumulator (514). Forexample, at each iteration of the measurement sequence, when the controlsetting circuit 228 sends a signal to the IDAC 216, the signal is readby the compensation circuit 230. Upon reading the signal, thecompensation circuit determines the amount of charge for the presentiteration, and whether the charge is to be added to or removed from thecapacitive sensor 240. Based on the determination, a value correspondingto the amount of charge is either added to, or removed from, the valuethat is accumulated using the digital accumulator circuit 232.

The measurement sequence continues and (508), (512) and (514) repeats ineach iteration until the minimum current setting is reached. At thatstage, the accumulated value is provided at the output (510) of theintegrator, as described previously.

While this document contains many specific implementation details, theseshould not be construed as limitations on the scope what may be claimed,but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific toparticular implementations. Certain features that are described in thisspecification in the context of separate implementations can also beimplemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely,various features that are described in the context of a singleimplementation can also be implemented in multiple implementationsseparately or in any suitable sub combination. Moreover, althoughfeatures may be described above as acting in certain combinations andeven initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimedcombination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and theclaimed combination may be directed to a sub combination or variation ofa sub combination.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a comparator thatincludes a first input, a second input and an output, the comparatorconfigured to measure a difference between a voltage associated with afirst source coupled to the first input and a voltage associated with asecond source coupled to the second input, wherein the voltageassociated with the first source is indicative of a first amount ofcharge associated with the first source; a controllable current sourcecoupled to the comparator and configured to adjust an amount of currentprovided to the first source based on the measured difference; and adigital logic circuit coupled to the comparator and to the controllablecurrent source, the digital logic circuit configured to: accumulate avalue proportional to a second amount of charge based on the amount ofthe current provided by the controllable current source and an amount oftime for which the current is provided by the controllable currentsource; determine whether a threshold setting for the current providedby the controllable current source is reached; and based on determiningthat the threshold setting is reached, output the accumulated valueproportional to the second amount of charge as a measurement of thefirst amount of charge associated with the first source.
 2. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the amount of current provided to thefirst source by the controllable current source includes currentsupplied or drawn by the controllable current source in successivesteps, and wherein the digital logic circuit is configured to control atleast one of the current supplied or drawn by the controllable currentsource in each step, or the amount of time for which the current issupplied or drawn in each step, such that the voltage associated withthe first source at the first input of the comparator approaches thevoltage associated with the second source coupled to the second input.3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the threshold setting includes oneof a known limit on the amount of the current provided by thecontrollable current source in a step, or a known limit on the amount oftime for which the current is provided by the controllable currentsource in a step.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the comparator isconfigured to output information corresponding to the measureddifference, and wherein the digital logic circuit comprises: a delaycircuit that is configured to provide a delayed version of theinformation output by the comparator; an exclusive- or (XOR) circuitthat is configured to provide an update signal based on the informationoutput by the comparator and the delayed version provided by the delaycircuit, wherein the update signal indicates when the voltage associatedwith the first source at the first input of the comparator crosses thevoltage associated with the second source coupled to the second inputbased on the amount of current provided by the controllable currentsource; a control circuit that is configured to: receive the updatesignal, and control the amount of current provided to the first sourceby the controllable current source based on the update signal; and adigital accumulator that is configured to: store the second amount ofcharge based on the amount of current provided to the first source bythe controllable current source and the amount of time for which thecurrent is provided, and output the accumulated value proportional tothe second amount of charge.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein thedigital logic circuit further comprises a compensation circuit that isconfigured to: adjust at least one of the amount of current provided tothe first source by the controllable current source or the amount oftime for which the current is provided based on a digital lookup table;and provide information to the digital accumulator corresponding to theamount of current provided to the first source by the controllablecurrent source and the amount of time for which the current is provided.6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the digital logic circuit furthercomprises a digital filter that is configured to filter the informationoutput by the comparator, wherein the delayed version of the informationprovided by the delay circuit comprises a delayed version of thefiltered information provided by the digital filter, and wherein the XORcircuit is configured to provide the update signal based on comparingthe filtered information provided by the digital filter and the delayedversion of the filtered information provided by the delay circuit. 7.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is configured to performone of integrating current or voltage, measuring capacitive sensors,measuring self-capacitance, or measuring mutual capacitance.
 8. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is associated with acapacitive touch screen display.
 9. A system comprising: a comparatorthat includes a first input, a second input and an output, thecomparator configured to measure a difference between a voltageassociated with a first source coupled to the first input and a voltageassociated with a second source coupled to the second input, wherein thevoltage associated with the first source is indicative of a first amountof charge associated with the first source; a controllable currentsource configured to adjust an amount of current provided to the firstsource based on the measured difference; and a digital logic circuitconfigured to: accumulate a value proportional to a second amount ofcharge based on the amount of the current provided by the controllablecurrent source and an amount of time for which the current is providedby the controllable current source; determine whether a thresholdsetting for the current provided by the controllable current source isreached; and based on determining that the threshold setting is reached,output the accumulated value proportional to the second amount of chargeas a measurement of the first amount of charge associated with the firstsource.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the amount of currentprovided to the first source by the controllable current source includescurrent supplied or drawn by the controllable current source insuccessive steps, and wherein the digital logic circuit is configured tocontrol at least one of the current supplied or drawn by thecontrollable current source in each step, or the amount of time forwhich the current is supplied or drawn in each step, such that thevoltage associated with the first source at the first input of thecomparator approaches the voltage associated with the second sourcecoupled to the second input.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein thethreshold setting includes one of a known limit on the amount of thecurrent provided by the controllable current source in a step, or aknown limit on the amount of time for which the current is provided bythe controllable current source in a step.
 12. The system of claim 9,wherein the comparator is configured to output information correspondingto the measured difference, and wherein the digital logic circuitcomprises: a delay circuit that is configured to provide a delayedversion of the information output by the comparator; an exclusive- or(XOR) circuit that is configured to provide an update signal based onthe information output by the comparator and the delayed versionprovided by the delay circuit, wherein the update signal indicates whenthe voltage associated with the first source at the first input of thecomparator crosses the voltage associated with the second source coupledto the second input based on the amount of current provided by thecontrollable current source; a control circuit that is configured to:receive the update signal, and control the amount of current provided tothe first source by the controllable current source based on the updatesignal; and a digital accumulator that is configured to: store thesecond amount of charge based on the amount of current provided to thefirst source by the controllable current source and the amount of timefor which the current is provided, and output the accumulated valueproportional to the second amount of charge.
 13. The system of claim 12,wherein the digital logic circuit further comprises a compensationcircuit that is configured to: adjust at least one of the amount ofcurrent provided to the first source by the controllable current sourceor the amount of time for which the current is provided based on adigital lookup table; and provide information to the digital accumulatorcorresponding to the amount of current provided to the first source bythe controllable current source and the amount of time for which thecurrent is provided.
 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the digitallogic circuit further comprises a digital filter that is configured tofilter the information output by the comparator, wherein the delayedversion of the information provided by the delay circuit comprises adelayed version of the filtered information provided by the digitalfilter, and wherein the XOR circuit is configured to provide the updatesignal based on comparing the filtered version of the informationprovided by the digital filter and the delayed version of the filteredinformation provided by the delay circuit.
 15. A method comprising:measuring a difference between a voltage associated with a first sourcecoupled to a first input of a comparator and a voltage associated with asecond source coupled to a second input of the comparator, wherein thevoltage associated with the first source is indicative of a first amountof charge associated with the first source; based on measuring thedifference, adjusting an amount of current provided by a controllablecurrent source to the first source; accumulating a value proportional toa second amount of charge based on the amount of current provided by thecontrollable current source and an amount of time for which the currentis provided by the controllable current source; determining whether athreshold setting for the current provided by the controllable currentsource is reached; and based on determining that the threshold settingis reached, outputting the accumulated value proportional to the secondamount of charge as a measurement of the first amount of chargeassociated with the first source.
 16. The method of claim 15, whereinadjusting the amount of the current provided by the controllable currentsource to the first source comprises supplying or drawing currentprovided by the controllable current source in successive steps, themethod further comprising: controlling at least one of the currentsupplied or drawn by the controllable current source in each step, orthe amount of time for which the current is supplied or drawn in eachstep, such that the voltage associated with the first source at thefirst input of the comparator approaches the voltage associated with thesecond source coupled to the second input.
 17. The method of claim 16,wherein determining whether the threshold setting for the current isreached comprises one of: determining whether the amount of the currentprovided by the controllable current source in a step is equal to aknown limit on the amount of the current, or determining whether theamount of time for which the current is provided by the controllablecurrent source in a step is equal to a known limit on the amount oftime.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein measuring the differencebetween the voltage associated with the first source and the voltageassociated with the second source comprises outputting informationcorresponding to the measured difference by the comparator, the methodfurther comprising: providing a delayed version of the informationoutput by the comparator; generating an update signal based on theinformation output by the comparator and the delayed version of theinformation, wherein the update signal indicates when the voltageassociated with the first source at the first input of the comparatorcrosses the voltage associated with the second source coupled to thesecond input based on the amount of current provided by the controllablecurrent source; controlling the amount of current provided to the firstsource by the controllable current source based on the update signal;storing the second amount of charge based on the amount of currentprovided to the first source by the controllable current source and theamount of time for which the current is provided; and outputting theaccumulated value proportional to the second amount of charge.
 19. Themethod of claim 18, further comprising: adjusting at least one of theamount of current provided to the first source by the controllablecurrent source or the amount of time for which the current is providedbased on a digital lookup table.
 20. The method of claim 18, whereingenerating the update signal further comprises: filtering theinformation output by the comparator; providing a delayed version of thefiltered information; and generating the update signal based oncomparing the filtered information and the delayed version of thefiltered information.